Anthropology has evolved as a comprehensive scientific discipline dedicated to the holistic understanding of humanity across time, space, and culture. This research article critically examines the historical development, aims, scope, and interdisciplinary relationships of anthropology, situating it within broader scientific and sociological traditions. The paper explores the major branches of anthropology—biological, cultural, archaeological, linguistic, and applied anthropology—and highlights their interrelationship in constructing a unified understanding of human societies. Special emphasis is placed on linguistic anthropology as a key mediator between culture, cognition, and communication. The study further engages with research methodology by examining core philosophical concepts such as epistemology, ontology, and theoretical perspectives that underpin anthropological inquiry. Qualitative and quantitative research traditions are systematically analyzed, including research design, hypothesis formulation, and fieldwork traditions such as ethnography, participant observation, interviews, life histories, case studies, PRA, RRA, genealogical methods, GIS, and archaeological excavation. Contemporary methodological frameworks such as grounded theory is discussed alongside classical approaches. The article also integrates statistical foundations relevant to social research, including variables, sampling, measures of central tendency and dispersion, and advanced parametric and non-parametric statistical tests such as linear and logistic regression. Techniques of analysis—including content analysis, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis—are examined as tools for interpreting social reality.